ĐỒNG THUẬN CHUYÊN GIA VỀ ĐIỀU TRỊ UNG THƯ BIỂU MÔ TẾ BÀO GAN BẰNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP TẮC MẠCH HÓA CHẤT ĐƯỜNG ĐỘNG MẠCH
Nội dung chính của bài viết
Tóm tắt
Nội dung các khuyến cáo của các chuyên gia về các vấn đề liên quan đến phương pháp tắc mạch hóa chất trong điều trị ung thư biểu mô tế bào gan như : phương pháp chẩn đoán hình ảnh sử dụng trước điều trị; lựa chọn bệnh nhân, đường tiếp cận và các công cụ hỗ trợ, kỹ thuật điều trị; vật liệu tắc mạch và các hóa chất sử dụng; theo dõi sau điều trị; kết hợp các phương pháp điều trị khác.
Từ khóa
Tắc mạch hóa chất đường động mạch, Khuyến cáo đồng thuận
Chi tiết bài viết
Tài liệu tham khảo
1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229-263. doi:10.3322/caac.21834
2. Yamada R, Sato M, Kawabata M, Nakatsuka H, Nakamura K, Takashima S. Hepatic artery embolization in 120 patients with unresectable hepatoma. Radiology. 1983;148(2):397-401. doi:10.1148/radiology.148.2.6306721
3. Kudo M, Kawamura Y, Hasegawa K, et al. Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Japan: JSH Consensus Statements and Recommendations 2021 Update. Liver Cancer. 2021;10(3):181-223. doi:10.1159/000514174
4. Manini MA, Sangiovanni A, Fornari F, et al. Clinical and economical impact of 2010 AASLD guidelines for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2014;60(5):995-1001. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.006
5. Murakami T, Kim T, Takamura M, et al. Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: detection with double arterial phase multi-detector row helical CT. Radiology. 2001;218(3):763-767. doi:10.1148/radiology.218.3.r01mr39763
6. Kadoya M, Matsui O, Takashima T, Nonomura A. Hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation of MR imaging and histopathologic findings. Radiology. 1992;183(3):819-825. doi:10.1148/radiology.183.3.1316622
7. Sano K, Ichikawa T, Motosugi U, et al. Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 2011;261(3):834-844. doi:10.1148/radiol.11101840
8. Goshima S, Kanematsu M, Watanabe H, et al. Hepatic hemangioma and metastasis: differentiation with gadoxetate disodium-enhanced 3-T CHT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195(4):941-946. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3730
9. Shunichi S, Hiroko I, Fuminori M, Waki H. Definition of contrast enhancement phases of the liver using a perfluoro-based microbubble agent, perflubutane microbubbles. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2009;35(11):1819-1827. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.05.013
10. Moriyasu F, Itoh K. Efficacy of perflubutane microbubble-enhanced ultrasound in the characterization and detection of focal liver lesions: phase 3 multicenter clinical trial. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(1):86-95. doi:10.2214/AJR.08.1618
11. Kudo M, Hatanaka K, Kumada T, Toyoda H, Tada T. Double-contrast ultrasound: a novel surveillance tool for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(2):368-370. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.432
12. Hatanaka K, Kudo M, Minami Y, et al. Differential diagnosis of hepatic tumors: value of contrast-enhanced harmonic sonography using the newly developed contrast agent, Sonazoid. Intervirology. 2008;51 Suppl 1:61-69. doi:10.1159/000122600
13. Hatanaka K, Minami Y, Kudo M, Inoue T, Chung H, Haji S. The gross classification of hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of contrast-enhanced US. J Clin Ultrasound JCU. 2014;42(1):1-8. doi:10.1002/jcu.22080
14. Cho Y, Choi JW, Kwon H, et al. Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 2023 Expert Consensus-Based Practical Recommendations of the Korean Liver Cancer Association. Korean J Radiol. 2023;24(7):606. doi:10.3348/kjr.2023.0385
15. De Baere T, Arai Y, Lencioni R, et al. Treatment of Liver Tumors with Lipiodol TACE: Technical Recommendations from Experts Opinion. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(3):334-343. doi:10.1007/s00270-015-1208-y
16. Huang JH, Fan WJ, Li CJ, et al. Application of multislice spiral CT angiography on transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ai Zheng Aizheng Chin J Cancer. 2009;28(2):159-163.
17. Luo M yue, Shan H, Jiang Z bo, Li L fang, Huang H qing, Zhang J sheng. [Diagnostic capability of multidetector CT for arterioportal shunt in hepatocellular carcinoma]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2004;26(4):231-233.
18. Luo MY, Shan H, Jiang ZB, Liang WW, Zhang JS, Li LF. Capability of multidetector CT to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma-associated arterioportal shunt. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(17):2666-2669. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i17.2666
19. Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: The 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022;76(3):681-693. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.018
20. Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Baltim Md. 2023;78(6):1922-1965. doi:10.1097/HEP.0000000000000466
21. European Association for the Study of the Liver, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. EASL–EORTC Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012;56(4):908-943. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2011.12.001
22. Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(4):317-370. doi:10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9
23. Llovet JM, Real MI, Montaña X, et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 2002;359(9319):1734-1739. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08649-X
24. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Baltim Md. 2002;35(5):1164-1171. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.33156
25. Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatol Baltim Md. 2003;37(2):429-442. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50047
26. Cammà C, Schepis F, Orlando A, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Radiology. 2002;224(1):47-54. doi:10.1148/radiol.2241011262
27. Vogel A, Martinelli E. Updated treatment recommendations for hepatocellular carcinoma (UTBMTBG) from the ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2021;32(6):801-805. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.02.014
28. Kudo M. Changing the Treatment Paradigm for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab Combination Therapy. Cancers. 2021;13(21). doi:10.3390/cancers13215475
29. Hiraoka A, Kumada T, Kudo M, et al. Hepatic Function during Repeated TACE Procedures and Prognosis after Introducing Sorafenib in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Multicenter Analysis. Dig Dis Basel Switz. 2017;35(6):602-610. doi:10.1159/000480256
30. Ueshima K, Nishida N, Hagiwara S, et al. Impact of Baseline ALBI Grade on the Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Treated with Lenvatinib: A Multicenter Study. Cancers. 2019;11(7). doi:10.3390/cancers11070952
31. Peng Z, Fan W, Zhu B, et al. Lenvatinib Combined With Transarterial Chemoembolization as First-Line Treatment for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Phase III, Randomized Clinical Trial (LAUNCH). J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2023;41(1):117-127. doi:10.1200/JCO.22.00392
32. SELDINGER SI. Catheter replacement of the needle in percutaneous arteriography; a new technique. Acta Radiol. 1953;39(5):368-376. doi:10.3109/00016925309136722
33. Anatomic Basis and Physiological Rationale of Distal Radial Artery Access for Percutaneous Coronary and Endovascular Procedures. Vol 11.; 2018. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2018.04.045
34. You K, Guo T, Sun D, Song H, Liu Z. Transradial versus transfemoral approach for TACE: a retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23(1):11. doi:10.1186/s12876-023-02646-1
35. Agostoni P, Biondi-Zoccai GGL, de Benedictis ML, et al. Radial versus femoral approach for percutaneous coronary diagnostic and interventional procedures; Systematic overview and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(2):349-356. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.04.034
36. Favelier S, Germain T, Genson PY, et al. Anatomy of liver arteries for interventional radiology. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(6):537-546. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2013.12.001
37. Park CM, Chung JW, Kim HB, Shin SJ, Park JH. Celiac axis stenosis: incidence and etiologies in asymptomatic individuals. Korean J Radiol. 2001;2(1):8-13. doi:10.3348/kjr.2001.2.1.8
38. Kwon JW, Chung JW, Song SY, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with celiac axis occlusion. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2002;13(7):689-694. doi:10.1016/s1051- 0443(07)61845-4
39. Kim HC, Chung JW, Lee W, Jae HJ, Park JH. Recognizing extrahepatic collateral vessels that supply hepatocellular carcinoma to avoid complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2005;25 Suppl 1:S25-39. doi:10.1148/rg.25si055508
40. Tacher V, Radaelli A, Lin M, Geschwind JF. How I do it: Cone-beam CT during transarterial chemoembolization for liver cancer. Radiology. 2015;274(2):320-334. doi:10.1148/radiol.14131925
41. Kothary N, Abdelmaksoud MHK, Tognolini A, et al. Imaging guidance with C-arm CT: prospective evaluation of its impact on patient radiation exposure during transhepatic arterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2011;22(11):1535-1543. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2011.07.008
42. Abdelsalam H, Emara DM, Hassouna EM. The efficacy of TACE; how can automated feeder software help? Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med. 2022;53(1):43. doi:10.1186/s43055-022-00720-4
43. Miyayama S, Matsui O. Applying Superselective Conventional TACE. In: ; 2017. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2899470
44. Miyayama S. Treatment strategy of transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Appl Sci. 2020;10(20):7337.
45. Ikeda M, Arai Y, Inaba Y, et al. Conventional or Drug-Eluting Beads? Randomized Controlled Study of Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: JIVROSG-1302. Liver Cancer. 2022;11(5):440-450. doi:10.1159/000525500
46. Lee IJ, Lee JH, Lee YB, et al. Effectiveness of drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization versus conventional transarterial chemoembolization for small hepatocellular carcinoma in Child-Pugh class A patients. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2019;11:1758835919866072. doi:10.1177/1758835919866072
47. Lee M, Chung JW, Lee KH, et al. Prospective Multi-Center Korean Registry of Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization with Drug-Eluting Embolics for Nodular Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Two-Year Outcome Analysis. Korean J Radiol. 2021;22(10):1658-1670. doi:10.3348/kjr.2020.1117
48. Yoon HM, Kim JH, Kim EJ, Gwon DI, Ko GY, Ko HK. Modified cisplatin-based transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for large hepatocellular carcinoma: multivariate analysis of predictive factors for tumor response and survival in a 163-patient cohort. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2013;24(11):1639-1646. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2013.06.017
49. Yoon SM, Ryoo BY, Lee SJ, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Transarterial Chemoembolization Plus External Beam Radiotherapy vs Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Macroscopic Vascular Invasion: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(5):661-669. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.5847
50. Chung JW, Park JH, Im JG, Han JK, Han MC. Pulmonary oil embolism after transcatheter oily chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 1993;187(3):689-693. doi:10.1148/radiology.187.3.8388567
51. Craig P, Young S, Golzarian J. Current Trends in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Transarterial Embolization: Variability in Technical Aspects. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2019;42(9):1322-1328. doi:10.1007/s00270-019-02232-7
52. Louail B, Sapoval M, Bonneau M, Wasseff M, Senechal Q, Gaux JC. A new porcine sponge material for temporary embolization: an experimental short-term pilot study in swine. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006;29(5):826-831. doi:10.1007/s00270-004-0299-7
53. Lammer J, Malagari K, Vogl T, et al. Prospective randomized study of doxorubicin-eluting-bead embolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of the PRECISION V study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(1):41-52. doi:10.1007/s00270-009-9711-7
54. Golfieri R, Giampalma E, Renzulli M, et al. Randomised controlled trial of doxorubicin-eluting beads vs conventional chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2014;111(2):255-264. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.199
55. Prajapati HJ, Xing M, Spivey JR, et al. Survival, efficacy, and safety of small versus large doxorubicin drugeluting beads TACE chemoembolization in patients with unresectable UTBMTBG. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203(6):W706-714. doi:10.2214/AJR.13.12308
56. Spreafico C, Cascella T, Facciorusso A, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with a new generation of beads: clinical-radiological outcomes and safety profile. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2015;38(1):129-134. doi:10.1007/s00270-014-0907-0
57. Fidelman N, Kerlan RKJ. Transarterial Chemoembolization and (90)Y Radioembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Review of Current Applications Beyond Intermediate-Stage Disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205(4):742-752. doi:10.2214/AJR.15.14802
58. Brown AM, Kassab I, Massani M, et al. TACE versus TARE for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Overall and individual patient level meta analysis. Cancer Med. 2023;12(3):2590-2599. doi:10.1002/cam4.5125
59. Yoshihara S, Yamana H, Akahane M, et al. Association between prophylactic antibiotic use for transarterial chemoembolization and occurrence of liver abscess: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;27(10):1514.e5-1514.e10. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.01.014
60. Ebisutani C, Sato S, Nishi K, Inoue H, Yoshie T, Kinoshita Y. Antibiotic prophylaxis in transcatheter treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: an open randomized prospective study of oral versus intravenous administration. Intern Med Tokyo Jpn. 2010;49(12):1059-1065. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3173
61. Patel S, Tuite CM, Mondschein JI, Soulen MC. Effectiveness of an aggressive antibiotic regimen for chemoembolization in patients with previous biliary intervention. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2006;17(12):1931- 1934. doi:10.1097/01.RVI.0000244854.79604.C1
62. Khan W, Sullivan KL, McCann JW, et al. Moxifloxacin prophylaxis for chemoembolization or embolization in patients with previous biliary interventions: a pilot study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(2):W343-345. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.6019
63. Molgaard CP, Teitelbaum GP, Pentecost MJ, et al. Intraarterial administration of lidocaine for analgesia in hepatic chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 1990;1(1):81-85. doi:10.1016/s1051-0443(90)72508-0
64. Lee SH, Hahn ST, Park SH. Intraarterial lidocaine administration for relief of pain resulting from transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: its effectiveness and optimal timing of administration. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2001;24(6):368-371. doi:10.1007/s00270-001-0073-z
65. Benzakoun J, Ronot M, Lagadec M, et al. Risks factors for severe pain after selective liver transarterial chemoembolization. Liver Int Off J Int Assoc Study Liver. 2017;37(4):583-591. doi:10.1111/liv.13235
66. Leung DA, Goin JE, Sickles C, Raskay BJ, Soulen MC. Determinants of postembolization syndrome after hepatic
chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2001;12(3):321-326. doi:10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61911-3
67. Lyu N, Kong Y, Li X, et al. Effect and Safety of Prophylactic Parecoxib for Pain Control of Transarterial
Chemoembolization in Liver Cancer: A Single-Center, Parallel-Group, Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Radiol JACR. 2022;19(1 Pt A):61-70. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2021.09.029
68. Lv N, Kong Y, Mu L, Pan T, Xie Q, Zhao M. Effect of perioperative parecoxib sodium on postoperative pain control for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(10):3492-3499. doi:10.1007/s00330-016-4207-8
69. Ogasawara S, Chiba T, Ooka Y, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of prophylactic dexamethasone for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Hepatol Baltim Md. 2018;67(2):575-585. doi:10.1002/hep.29403
70. Sainamthip P, Kongphanich C, Prasongsook N, Chirapongsathorn S. Single dose dexamethasone prophylaxis of postembolisation syndrome after chemoembolisation in hepatocellular carcinoma patient: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(30):9059-9069. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i30.9059
71. Brown DB, Nikolic B, Covey AM, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for transhepatic arterial chemoembolization, embolization, and chemotherapeutic infusion for hepatic malignancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2012;23(3):287-294. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2011.11.029
72. Gaba RC, Lokken RP, Hickey RM, et al. Quality Improvement Guidelines for Transarterial Chemoembolization and Embolization of Hepatic Malignancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2017;28(9):1210-1223.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2017.04.025
73. Ganguli S, Faintuch S, Salazar GM, Rabkin DJ. Postembolization syndrome: changes in white blood cell counts immediately after uterine artery embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2008;19(3):443-445. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2007.11.021
74. Chang PY, Lee RC, Liang PC, et al. Multidisciplinary Taiwan consensus for the use of conventional TACE in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1186674. doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1186674
75. Raoul JL, Gilabert M, Piana G. How to define transarterial chemoembolization failure or refractoriness: a European perspective. Liver Cancer. 2014;3(2):119-124. doi:10.1159/000343867
76. Lencioni R, Llovet JM. Modified RECIST (mRECIST) assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2010;30(1):52-60. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1247132
77. Arizumi T, Ueshima K, Chishina H, et al. Validation of the criteria of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization failure or refractoriness in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma proposed by the LCSGJ. Oncology. 2014;87 Suppl 1:32-36. doi:10.1159/000368143
78. Liu X, Li H, Wang F, et al. Transhepatectomy combined with arterial chemoembolization and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinical prognostic analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23(1):299. doi:10.1186/s12876-023-02886-1
79. Liu W, Xu H, Ying X, et al. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) Combined with Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) for Patients with Medium-to-Large Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis of Long-Term Outcome. Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res. 2020;26:e923263. doi:10.12659/MSM.923263
80. Willett CG, Boucher Y, di Tomaso E, et al. Direct evidence that the VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab has antivascular effects in human rectal cancer. Nat Med. 2004;10(2):145-147. doi:10.1038/nm988
81. Yuan F, Chen Y, Dellian M, Safabakhsh N, Ferrara N, Jain RK. Time-dependent vascular regression and permeability changes in established human tumor xenografts induced by an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(25):14765-14770. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.25.14765
82. Jain RK. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science. 2005;307(5706):58-62. doi:10.1126/science.1104819
83. Kano MR, Komuta Y, Iwata C, et al. Comparison of the effects of the kinase inhibitors imatinib, sorafenib, and transforming growth factor-beta receptor inhibitor on extravasation of nanoparticles from neovasculature. Cancer Sci. 2009;100(1):173-180. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01003.x
84. Jia Z zhi, Jiang G min, Feng Y liang. Serum HIF-1alpha and VEGF levels pre- and post-TACE in patients with primary liver cancer. Chin Med Sci J Chung-Kuo Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih. 2011;26(3):158-162. doi:10.1016/s1001-9294(11)60041-2
85. Kudo M, Ueshima K, Ikeda M, et al. Randomised, multicentre prospective trial of transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) plus sorafenib as compared with TACE alone in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: TACTICS trial. Gut. 2020;69(8):1492-1501. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318934
86. Kudo M, Ueshima K, Chan S, et al. Lenvatinib as an Initial Treatment in Patients with Intermediate-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma Beyond Up-To-Seven Criteria and Child-Pugh A Liver Function: A Proof-Of-Concept Study. Cancers. 2019;11(8). doi:10.3390/cancers11081084
87. Lencioni R, Kudo M, Erinjeri J, et al. EMERALD-1: A phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled study of transarterial chemoembolization combined with durvalumab with or without bevacizumab in participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma eligible for embolization. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(3_suppl):LBA432-LBA432. doi:10.1200/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.LBA432
2. Yamada R, Sato M, Kawabata M, Nakatsuka H, Nakamura K, Takashima S. Hepatic artery embolization in 120 patients with unresectable hepatoma. Radiology. 1983;148(2):397-401. doi:10.1148/radiology.148.2.6306721
3. Kudo M, Kawamura Y, Hasegawa K, et al. Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Japan: JSH Consensus Statements and Recommendations 2021 Update. Liver Cancer. 2021;10(3):181-223. doi:10.1159/000514174
4. Manini MA, Sangiovanni A, Fornari F, et al. Clinical and economical impact of 2010 AASLD guidelines for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2014;60(5):995-1001. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.006
5. Murakami T, Kim T, Takamura M, et al. Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: detection with double arterial phase multi-detector row helical CT. Radiology. 2001;218(3):763-767. doi:10.1148/radiology.218.3.r01mr39763
6. Kadoya M, Matsui O, Takashima T, Nonomura A. Hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation of MR imaging and histopathologic findings. Radiology. 1992;183(3):819-825. doi:10.1148/radiology.183.3.1316622
7. Sano K, Ichikawa T, Motosugi U, et al. Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 2011;261(3):834-844. doi:10.1148/radiol.11101840
8. Goshima S, Kanematsu M, Watanabe H, et al. Hepatic hemangioma and metastasis: differentiation with gadoxetate disodium-enhanced 3-T CHT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195(4):941-946. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3730
9. Shunichi S, Hiroko I, Fuminori M, Waki H. Definition of contrast enhancement phases of the liver using a perfluoro-based microbubble agent, perflubutane microbubbles. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2009;35(11):1819-1827. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.05.013
10. Moriyasu F, Itoh K. Efficacy of perflubutane microbubble-enhanced ultrasound in the characterization and detection of focal liver lesions: phase 3 multicenter clinical trial. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(1):86-95. doi:10.2214/AJR.08.1618
11. Kudo M, Hatanaka K, Kumada T, Toyoda H, Tada T. Double-contrast ultrasound: a novel surveillance tool for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(2):368-370. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.432
12. Hatanaka K, Kudo M, Minami Y, et al. Differential diagnosis of hepatic tumors: value of contrast-enhanced harmonic sonography using the newly developed contrast agent, Sonazoid. Intervirology. 2008;51 Suppl 1:61-69. doi:10.1159/000122600
13. Hatanaka K, Minami Y, Kudo M, Inoue T, Chung H, Haji S. The gross classification of hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of contrast-enhanced US. J Clin Ultrasound JCU. 2014;42(1):1-8. doi:10.1002/jcu.22080
14. Cho Y, Choi JW, Kwon H, et al. Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 2023 Expert Consensus-Based Practical Recommendations of the Korean Liver Cancer Association. Korean J Radiol. 2023;24(7):606. doi:10.3348/kjr.2023.0385
15. De Baere T, Arai Y, Lencioni R, et al. Treatment of Liver Tumors with Lipiodol TACE: Technical Recommendations from Experts Opinion. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(3):334-343. doi:10.1007/s00270-015-1208-y
16. Huang JH, Fan WJ, Li CJ, et al. Application of multislice spiral CT angiography on transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ai Zheng Aizheng Chin J Cancer. 2009;28(2):159-163.
17. Luo M yue, Shan H, Jiang Z bo, Li L fang, Huang H qing, Zhang J sheng. [Diagnostic capability of multidetector CT for arterioportal shunt in hepatocellular carcinoma]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2004;26(4):231-233.
18. Luo MY, Shan H, Jiang ZB, Liang WW, Zhang JS, Li LF. Capability of multidetector CT to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma-associated arterioportal shunt. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(17):2666-2669. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i17.2666
19. Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: The 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022;76(3):681-693. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.018
20. Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Baltim Md. 2023;78(6):1922-1965. doi:10.1097/HEP.0000000000000466
21. European Association for the Study of the Liver, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. EASL–EORTC Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012;56(4):908-943. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2011.12.001
22. Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(4):317-370. doi:10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9
23. Llovet JM, Real MI, Montaña X, et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 2002;359(9319):1734-1739. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08649-X
24. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Baltim Md. 2002;35(5):1164-1171. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.33156
25. Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatol Baltim Md. 2003;37(2):429-442. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50047
26. Cammà C, Schepis F, Orlando A, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Radiology. 2002;224(1):47-54. doi:10.1148/radiol.2241011262
27. Vogel A, Martinelli E. Updated treatment recommendations for hepatocellular carcinoma (UTBMTBG) from the ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2021;32(6):801-805. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.02.014
28. Kudo M. Changing the Treatment Paradigm for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab Combination Therapy. Cancers. 2021;13(21). doi:10.3390/cancers13215475
29. Hiraoka A, Kumada T, Kudo M, et al. Hepatic Function during Repeated TACE Procedures and Prognosis after Introducing Sorafenib in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Multicenter Analysis. Dig Dis Basel Switz. 2017;35(6):602-610. doi:10.1159/000480256
30. Ueshima K, Nishida N, Hagiwara S, et al. Impact of Baseline ALBI Grade on the Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Treated with Lenvatinib: A Multicenter Study. Cancers. 2019;11(7). doi:10.3390/cancers11070952
31. Peng Z, Fan W, Zhu B, et al. Lenvatinib Combined With Transarterial Chemoembolization as First-Line Treatment for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Phase III, Randomized Clinical Trial (LAUNCH). J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2023;41(1):117-127. doi:10.1200/JCO.22.00392
32. SELDINGER SI. Catheter replacement of the needle in percutaneous arteriography; a new technique. Acta Radiol. 1953;39(5):368-376. doi:10.3109/00016925309136722
33. Anatomic Basis and Physiological Rationale of Distal Radial Artery Access for Percutaneous Coronary and Endovascular Procedures. Vol 11.; 2018. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2018.04.045
34. You K, Guo T, Sun D, Song H, Liu Z. Transradial versus transfemoral approach for TACE: a retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23(1):11. doi:10.1186/s12876-023-02646-1
35. Agostoni P, Biondi-Zoccai GGL, de Benedictis ML, et al. Radial versus femoral approach for percutaneous coronary diagnostic and interventional procedures; Systematic overview and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(2):349-356. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.04.034
36. Favelier S, Germain T, Genson PY, et al. Anatomy of liver arteries for interventional radiology. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(6):537-546. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2013.12.001
37. Park CM, Chung JW, Kim HB, Shin SJ, Park JH. Celiac axis stenosis: incidence and etiologies in asymptomatic individuals. Korean J Radiol. 2001;2(1):8-13. doi:10.3348/kjr.2001.2.1.8
38. Kwon JW, Chung JW, Song SY, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with celiac axis occlusion. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2002;13(7):689-694. doi:10.1016/s1051- 0443(07)61845-4
39. Kim HC, Chung JW, Lee W, Jae HJ, Park JH. Recognizing extrahepatic collateral vessels that supply hepatocellular carcinoma to avoid complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2005;25 Suppl 1:S25-39. doi:10.1148/rg.25si055508
40. Tacher V, Radaelli A, Lin M, Geschwind JF. How I do it: Cone-beam CT during transarterial chemoembolization for liver cancer. Radiology. 2015;274(2):320-334. doi:10.1148/radiol.14131925
41. Kothary N, Abdelmaksoud MHK, Tognolini A, et al. Imaging guidance with C-arm CT: prospective evaluation of its impact on patient radiation exposure during transhepatic arterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2011;22(11):1535-1543. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2011.07.008
42. Abdelsalam H, Emara DM, Hassouna EM. The efficacy of TACE; how can automated feeder software help? Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med. 2022;53(1):43. doi:10.1186/s43055-022-00720-4
43. Miyayama S, Matsui O. Applying Superselective Conventional TACE. In: ; 2017. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2899470
44. Miyayama S. Treatment strategy of transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Appl Sci. 2020;10(20):7337.
45. Ikeda M, Arai Y, Inaba Y, et al. Conventional or Drug-Eluting Beads? Randomized Controlled Study of Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: JIVROSG-1302. Liver Cancer. 2022;11(5):440-450. doi:10.1159/000525500
46. Lee IJ, Lee JH, Lee YB, et al. Effectiveness of drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization versus conventional transarterial chemoembolization for small hepatocellular carcinoma in Child-Pugh class A patients. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2019;11:1758835919866072. doi:10.1177/1758835919866072
47. Lee M, Chung JW, Lee KH, et al. Prospective Multi-Center Korean Registry of Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization with Drug-Eluting Embolics for Nodular Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Two-Year Outcome Analysis. Korean J Radiol. 2021;22(10):1658-1670. doi:10.3348/kjr.2020.1117
48. Yoon HM, Kim JH, Kim EJ, Gwon DI, Ko GY, Ko HK. Modified cisplatin-based transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for large hepatocellular carcinoma: multivariate analysis of predictive factors for tumor response and survival in a 163-patient cohort. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2013;24(11):1639-1646. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2013.06.017
49. Yoon SM, Ryoo BY, Lee SJ, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Transarterial Chemoembolization Plus External Beam Radiotherapy vs Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Macroscopic Vascular Invasion: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(5):661-669. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.5847
50. Chung JW, Park JH, Im JG, Han JK, Han MC. Pulmonary oil embolism after transcatheter oily chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 1993;187(3):689-693. doi:10.1148/radiology.187.3.8388567
51. Craig P, Young S, Golzarian J. Current Trends in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Transarterial Embolization: Variability in Technical Aspects. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2019;42(9):1322-1328. doi:10.1007/s00270-019-02232-7
52. Louail B, Sapoval M, Bonneau M, Wasseff M, Senechal Q, Gaux JC. A new porcine sponge material for temporary embolization: an experimental short-term pilot study in swine. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006;29(5):826-831. doi:10.1007/s00270-004-0299-7
53. Lammer J, Malagari K, Vogl T, et al. Prospective randomized study of doxorubicin-eluting-bead embolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of the PRECISION V study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(1):41-52. doi:10.1007/s00270-009-9711-7
54. Golfieri R, Giampalma E, Renzulli M, et al. Randomised controlled trial of doxorubicin-eluting beads vs conventional chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2014;111(2):255-264. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.199
55. Prajapati HJ, Xing M, Spivey JR, et al. Survival, efficacy, and safety of small versus large doxorubicin drugeluting beads TACE chemoembolization in patients with unresectable UTBMTBG. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203(6):W706-714. doi:10.2214/AJR.13.12308
56. Spreafico C, Cascella T, Facciorusso A, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with a new generation of beads: clinical-radiological outcomes and safety profile. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2015;38(1):129-134. doi:10.1007/s00270-014-0907-0
57. Fidelman N, Kerlan RKJ. Transarterial Chemoembolization and (90)Y Radioembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Review of Current Applications Beyond Intermediate-Stage Disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205(4):742-752. doi:10.2214/AJR.15.14802
58. Brown AM, Kassab I, Massani M, et al. TACE versus TARE for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Overall and individual patient level meta analysis. Cancer Med. 2023;12(3):2590-2599. doi:10.1002/cam4.5125
59. Yoshihara S, Yamana H, Akahane M, et al. Association between prophylactic antibiotic use for transarterial chemoembolization and occurrence of liver abscess: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;27(10):1514.e5-1514.e10. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.01.014
60. Ebisutani C, Sato S, Nishi K, Inoue H, Yoshie T, Kinoshita Y. Antibiotic prophylaxis in transcatheter treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: an open randomized prospective study of oral versus intravenous administration. Intern Med Tokyo Jpn. 2010;49(12):1059-1065. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3173
61. Patel S, Tuite CM, Mondschein JI, Soulen MC. Effectiveness of an aggressive antibiotic regimen for chemoembolization in patients with previous biliary intervention. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2006;17(12):1931- 1934. doi:10.1097/01.RVI.0000244854.79604.C1
62. Khan W, Sullivan KL, McCann JW, et al. Moxifloxacin prophylaxis for chemoembolization or embolization in patients with previous biliary interventions: a pilot study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(2):W343-345. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.6019
63. Molgaard CP, Teitelbaum GP, Pentecost MJ, et al. Intraarterial administration of lidocaine for analgesia in hepatic chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 1990;1(1):81-85. doi:10.1016/s1051-0443(90)72508-0
64. Lee SH, Hahn ST, Park SH. Intraarterial lidocaine administration for relief of pain resulting from transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: its effectiveness and optimal timing of administration. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2001;24(6):368-371. doi:10.1007/s00270-001-0073-z
65. Benzakoun J, Ronot M, Lagadec M, et al. Risks factors for severe pain after selective liver transarterial chemoembolization. Liver Int Off J Int Assoc Study Liver. 2017;37(4):583-591. doi:10.1111/liv.13235
66. Leung DA, Goin JE, Sickles C, Raskay BJ, Soulen MC. Determinants of postembolization syndrome after hepatic
chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2001;12(3):321-326. doi:10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61911-3
67. Lyu N, Kong Y, Li X, et al. Effect and Safety of Prophylactic Parecoxib for Pain Control of Transarterial
Chemoembolization in Liver Cancer: A Single-Center, Parallel-Group, Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Radiol JACR. 2022;19(1 Pt A):61-70. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2021.09.029
68. Lv N, Kong Y, Mu L, Pan T, Xie Q, Zhao M. Effect of perioperative parecoxib sodium on postoperative pain control for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(10):3492-3499. doi:10.1007/s00330-016-4207-8
69. Ogasawara S, Chiba T, Ooka Y, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of prophylactic dexamethasone for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Hepatol Baltim Md. 2018;67(2):575-585. doi:10.1002/hep.29403
70. Sainamthip P, Kongphanich C, Prasongsook N, Chirapongsathorn S. Single dose dexamethasone prophylaxis of postembolisation syndrome after chemoembolisation in hepatocellular carcinoma patient: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(30):9059-9069. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i30.9059
71. Brown DB, Nikolic B, Covey AM, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for transhepatic arterial chemoembolization, embolization, and chemotherapeutic infusion for hepatic malignancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2012;23(3):287-294. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2011.11.029
72. Gaba RC, Lokken RP, Hickey RM, et al. Quality Improvement Guidelines for Transarterial Chemoembolization and Embolization of Hepatic Malignancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2017;28(9):1210-1223.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2017.04.025
73. Ganguli S, Faintuch S, Salazar GM, Rabkin DJ. Postembolization syndrome: changes in white blood cell counts immediately after uterine artery embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol JVIR. 2008;19(3):443-445. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2007.11.021
74. Chang PY, Lee RC, Liang PC, et al. Multidisciplinary Taiwan consensus for the use of conventional TACE in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1186674. doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1186674
75. Raoul JL, Gilabert M, Piana G. How to define transarterial chemoembolization failure or refractoriness: a European perspective. Liver Cancer. 2014;3(2):119-124. doi:10.1159/000343867
76. Lencioni R, Llovet JM. Modified RECIST (mRECIST) assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2010;30(1):52-60. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1247132
77. Arizumi T, Ueshima K, Chishina H, et al. Validation of the criteria of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization failure or refractoriness in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma proposed by the LCSGJ. Oncology. 2014;87 Suppl 1:32-36. doi:10.1159/000368143
78. Liu X, Li H, Wang F, et al. Transhepatectomy combined with arterial chemoembolization and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinical prognostic analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23(1):299. doi:10.1186/s12876-023-02886-1
79. Liu W, Xu H, Ying X, et al. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) Combined with Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) for Patients with Medium-to-Large Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis of Long-Term Outcome. Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res. 2020;26:e923263. doi:10.12659/MSM.923263
80. Willett CG, Boucher Y, di Tomaso E, et al. Direct evidence that the VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab has antivascular effects in human rectal cancer. Nat Med. 2004;10(2):145-147. doi:10.1038/nm988
81. Yuan F, Chen Y, Dellian M, Safabakhsh N, Ferrara N, Jain RK. Time-dependent vascular regression and permeability changes in established human tumor xenografts induced by an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(25):14765-14770. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.25.14765
82. Jain RK. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science. 2005;307(5706):58-62. doi:10.1126/science.1104819
83. Kano MR, Komuta Y, Iwata C, et al. Comparison of the effects of the kinase inhibitors imatinib, sorafenib, and transforming growth factor-beta receptor inhibitor on extravasation of nanoparticles from neovasculature. Cancer Sci. 2009;100(1):173-180. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01003.x
84. Jia Z zhi, Jiang G min, Feng Y liang. Serum HIF-1alpha and VEGF levels pre- and post-TACE in patients with primary liver cancer. Chin Med Sci J Chung-Kuo Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih. 2011;26(3):158-162. doi:10.1016/s1001-9294(11)60041-2
85. Kudo M, Ueshima K, Ikeda M, et al. Randomised, multicentre prospective trial of transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) plus sorafenib as compared with TACE alone in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: TACTICS trial. Gut. 2020;69(8):1492-1501. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318934
86. Kudo M, Ueshima K, Chan S, et al. Lenvatinib as an Initial Treatment in Patients with Intermediate-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma Beyond Up-To-Seven Criteria and Child-Pugh A Liver Function: A Proof-Of-Concept Study. Cancers. 2019;11(8). doi:10.3390/cancers11081084
87. Lencioni R, Kudo M, Erinjeri J, et al. EMERALD-1: A phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled study of transarterial chemoembolization combined with durvalumab with or without bevacizumab in participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma eligible for embolization. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(3_suppl):LBA432-LBA432. doi:10.1200/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.LBA432